Why AI Is Not Really Intelligent—And Why That Does Not Matter Either

Despite the great AI successes of recent years, we are still in an era of very

formal, machine AI. Figure shows that the underlying methods and

technologies have not fundamentally changed since the 1950s/1960s to

today. However, due to the increased amounts of data and computer capac-

ities, the methods could be applied more efficiently and successfully. The

so-called deep learning approaches brought about an immense leap in qual-

ity. These massive gradual improvements to “machine learning on drugs”

allow us to perceive a quasi-principle leap in AI that does not actually exist

in this way. The systems are still learning according to certain rules and set-

tings, patterns and distinctive features.

The next important step in the evolution of AI is the ability of the sys-

tems to learn autonomously and proactively to a wide extent. The first

promising learn-to-learn approaches were applied in the AlphaGo example

described. In addition, there are numerous promising research approaches

in this area that will lead to algorithms adapting themselves or that will also

develop new algorithms. This will, however, continue to happen in a rather

formal-mechanistic understanding. This has little to do with a human’s abil-

ity to learn. The next step of evolution, which then also contains human-like

abilities such as creativity, emotions and intuition, is a distant prospect and

eludes a reliable temporal prognosis.

From a business point of view, this discussion may appear to be academic

anyway. The decisive factor is the present-day perceived performance of the

AI systems. And even today, they outperform human performance in many

areas. Figure shows the development of AI performance in image recog-

nition. Even if the AI systems are still not perfect with their misclassifica-

tion of 3% today, they have been outperforming the classification skills of

humans since 2015. Thus, these systems can recognise the likes of reliable

cancer diagnoses, fraud detection or other relevant patterns. This also applies

to speech recognition.

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Why Use Machine Learning?

Consider how you would write a spam filter using traditional programming techniques (Figure 1-1): 1. First you would look at what spam typically looks like. You might notice that some words or phrases (such as “4U,” “credit card,” “free,” and “amazing”) tend to come up a lot in the subject. Perhaps you would also notice a few other patterns in the sender’s name, the email’s body, and so on. 2. You would write a detection algorithm for each of the patterns that you noticed, and your program would flag emails as spam if a number of these patterns are detected. 3. You would test your program, and repeat steps 1 and 2 until it is good enough. Since the problem is not trivial, your program will likely become a long list of com‐ plex rules—pretty hard to maintain. In contrast, a spam filter based on Machine Learning techniques automatically learns which words and phrases are good predictors of spam by detecting unusually fre‐ quent patterns of words in the spam examples compared to the ham e...

What is Machine Learning

The term machine learning (ML) as a part of artificial intelligence is ubiq- uitous nowadays. The term is used for a wide number of various appli- cations and methods that deal with the “generation of knowledge from experience”. The well-known US computer scientist Tom Mitchell defines machine learning as follows: A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E (Mitchell 1997). An illustrative example of this would be a chess computer program that improves its performance (P) in playing chess (the task T) by experience (E), by playing as many games as possible (even against itself ) and analysing them (Mitchell 1997). Machine learning is not a fundamentally new approach for machines to generate “knowledge” from experience. Machine learning technology was used to filter out junk e-mails a long time ago. Whilst spam filters that tack- ...

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